Comparative spillover dynamics of avian influenza in. These regulations transposecommission decision 2006415ec concerning certain protection measures in relation to highly pathogenic avian influenza of the subtype h5n1 in poultry in the community and repealing decision 20065ec oj no. Very virulent viruses cause highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai, with flock mortality as high as 100%. Epidemics are estimated to affect between 5% and 15% of the global population annually.
Ahlineage h7n9 avian influenza viruses have been associated with 1. Avian influenza ai is a viruscaused disease usually infecting birds. Avian influenza vaccination of poultry and passive case. In 2003, hpaiv h5n1 began to spread from southeast asia to other regions, and in the past decade it has caused numerous outbreaks on. Influenza is an annual health hazard with only about onethird of people in the united states receiving vaccinations for this pathogen.
Increased surveillance has resulted in the detection of multiple strains of avian influenza virus h5 in the southwest of france including highly pathogenic avian influenza virus strains hpai h5n1, h5n9 and h5n2 and low pathogenic viruses h5n2 and h5n3. While poultry is the most common source of illnesses among the 17 different foods tracked by federal officials, the c. Checking for influenza among the poultry the new york times. In 1994, an avian influenza outbreak in mexico started out mildly, but. These viruses have been restricted to subtypes h5 and h7, although not all h5 and h7 viruses cause hpai. Following the avian influenza outbreaks in norfolk in the spring of 1979 two surveys were undertaken of turkey farms in eastern england, birds on four. Vaccination of domestic backyard and commercial poultry, which began in march 2006, and other measures were implemented to. Preparing for highly pathogenic avian influenza food and. Knowledge of avian influenza h5n1 among poultry workers. Ai viruses are classified by a combination of two groups of proteins. Influenza h5n1 viruses in poultry, russian federation, 20052006 article pdf available in emerging infectious diseases 4. By the summer of 2009, local persontoperson transmission within norway was established. Highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai ah5n1 virus occurs mainly in birds, is highly contagious among birds, and can be deadly, especially in domestic poultry. Dutch authorities to cull poultry after avian influenza.
The 20092010 flu pandemic in norway marked the initial phase of a new influenza pandemic. The avian influenza h5n1 in poultry england order 2006. Avian influenza overview avian influenza ai identified in the early 1900s three hpai fowl plague outbreaks in the u. The type with the greatest risk is highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai. Overview of avian influenza and the us poultry industry. The 2,000 birds at the goffle road poultry farm are a tidy lot. In 1997, a zoonosis in humans caused by a highly lethal strain of avian influenza virus h5n1 was reported in hong kong. Pathogenicity of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus hpaiv h5n1 persists in natural reservoirs of aquatic birds and waterfowl. Highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai has seriously affected poultry. Could live poultry, poultry or poultry products come from a country where there is highly pathogenic avian influenza. Food and agriculture organization of the united nations. European union reference laboratory for avian influenza.
The next human influenza pandemic, if caused by the avian influenza ah5n1 virus, is estimated to have a potential mortality rate of more than a hundred million. Livepoultry markets were the source of this outbreak. Avian influenza vaccine producers and suppliers for poultry june 2009 n. They appear impeccably clean and are kept separated according to breed. Some 190,000 ducks were destroyed on saturday at six farms in the netherlands following an avian flu outbreak, the countrys first cull in response to. As of june 2011, egypt was the country most affected by hpai h5n1 outside of asia. Researchers have developed vaccines for h5n1 and h7n9, two new strains of avian influenza that can be transmitted from poultry to humans.
Since december 2003, an asian hpai h5n1 virus has resulted in high mortality in poultry and wild birds in asia, the middle east, europe, and africa. Avian influenza virus h5n1 among poultry farmers, thailand. In february 2006, kaduna state in nigeria was the first of 36 states to report infection of poultry with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus h5n1. Chickens are not the normal host for avian influenza, so the virus they pick up from other birds has a tendency to mutate and become pathogenic.
This list is to provide information on vaccine manufacturers and suppliers. Bird flu is similar to swine flu, dog flu, horse flu and human flu as an illness caused by strains of influenza viruses that have adapted to a specific host. A preliminary outbreak assessment and further updates on the situation for highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 in poultry in france. Despite occupational risk for exposure to avian influenza 7,8, there have been few studies of poultry workers 812. However, sporadic human infections with avian flu viruses. In the vast majority of influenza outbreaks occurring in domestic poultry, particularly turkeys, spread from freeliving birds appears to be the most likely mechanism. Multiple outbreaks of avian influenza in poultry in france. Vaccines developed for h5n1, h7n9 avian influenza strains. Annually, the who estimates epidemics to result in between 3 and 5 million severe cases which lead to between 250,000 and 500,000 deaths.
Ai viruses can infect chickens, turkeys, pheasants, quail, ducks, geese and guinea fowl as well as a wide variety of other birds, including migratory waterfowl. The definition of avian influenza european commission. The ha0 precursor proteins of avian influenza viruses of low virulence for poultry have a single arginine at the cleavage site and another at position 4. Health authorities will cull 11,000 chickens at a farm in the netherlands after an outbreak of a mild form of avian influenza, the dutch economic affairs ministry said on saturday. Wild species of birds usually do not develop clinical disease, but some influenza viruses cause severe illness or death in chickens, turkeys, and guinea fowl. Food safety, avian influenza, regulatory, educational. Influenza a viruses that infect poultry can be divided into two groups. Influenza ah7n9 is the first avian influenza virus we are aware of that shows few symptoms in poultry but that has led to deaths in humans. The avian influenza virus has been shown to mutate at an extremely high rate as it serially infects poultry. Poultry in the 21st century bangkok 57 november 2007.
This order transposescommission decision 2006415ec concerning certain protection measures in relation to highly pathogenic avian influenza of subtype h5n1 in poultry in the community and repealing decision 20065ec oj no. Chineseorigin h7n9 avian influenza spread in poultry and human. Low pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 in poultry ducks in. The haemagglutinin glycoprotein for influenza viruses is produced as a precursor, ha0, which requires post translational cleavage by host proteases before it is functional and virus particles are infectious. The h5ni avian influenza ai subtype could enter australia through illegal importations of birds andor their products. These viruses occur naturally among wild aquatic birds worldwide and can infect domestic poultry and other bird and animal species. Since its emergence in 2006 in africa, avian influenza viruses of the h5n1 subtype have spread rapidly to poultry farms in several african countries. Highly pathogenic avian influenza ah5n1 in birds and. Usda confirms h5n2 avian influenza in commercial turkey. Avian influenza ai, caused by the influenza virus typea, can affect several species of food producing. It may also be introduced accidentally by visitors either on contaminated clothing if they have been working with infected poultry, or if they have contracted the virus themselves. New states which have reported cases in wild birds include kentucky and new mexico and in poultry in nebraska, while indiana has an outbreak of h5n8 hpai in a backyard poultry farm which is the first report of this strain in the.
Twentytwo countries this week have joined the list of nations banning or applying restrictions to the importation of poultry from the pacific northwest over concerns about avian influenza, though. Approximately 100 participants from across the world participated in the fao sponsored international conference entitled poultry in the 21st century avian influenza and beyond. Egypt reported its first occurrence of highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai virus subtype h5n1 in poultry on february 16, 2006, and its first case in a human on march 20, 2006. Jun 2, 2006 cidrap news two vaccines protected chickens against newcastle disease nd and avian influenza and may provide approaches for producing human vaccines against the h5n1 avian flu virus, according to two studies published in the may 26 issue of the proceedings of the national academy of sciences the new vaccines relied on recombinant methodology to create chimeric viruses. Ai viruses are classified by two types of surface proteins on the virus particle. Protecting poultry workers from avian influenza bird flu cdc. In most cases it causes no signs of infection or only minor symptoms in birds. The situation assessment updates include outbreaks of high. In 1996 it was discovered that infected wild geese in southern china were responsible for transmitting the virus to poultry. Public health response to outbreaks of avian influenza ah5n2 and h5n1 among poultry british columbia, december 2014february 2015. Outbreaks of avian influenza in poultry in north america. The manufacturers and their vaccines are not necessarily endorsed by fao and it is the countrys responsibility. Proceedings of the international poultry conference, 57 november 2007, bangkok, thailand.
Avian influenza is a disease listed under the world organisation for animal health oie. Avian influenza in poultry 1 edis university of florida. Wgs documents were prepared with support from uspoultry, the beef checkoff, pork checkoff, the foundation for meat and poultry research. This pandemic began in the spring of 2009, the illness appeared in tourists returning from affected areas. Avian influenza, known informally as avian flu or bird flu, is a variety of influenza caused by viruses adapted to birds. Soon thereafter, the number of patients being tested for swine flu exceeded capacity, and authorities. Low pathogenic avian influenza lpai and high pathogenic avian influenza hpai. Avian influenza refers to the disease caused by infection with avian bird influenza flu type a viruses.
There have been no outbreaks of avian influenza in poultry in denmark since an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza on 21 november 2016. Most studies were conducted in rural settings in developing countries. Avian influenza bird flu in poultry in the netherlands. Many of the people diagnosed with ah7n9 virus were reported to have been in contact with poultry or live bird markets. Manufacturing of nonegg based influenza vaccine by erin. Avian influenza vaccine producers and suppliers for. Murti m 1, skowronski d 2, lem m 1, fung c 1, klar s 1, bigham m 1, loadman s 1, chambers c 2, pritchard j 3, lee v 1. The lpai virus produced little or no disease in poultry but it posed a. All sectors of the poultry industry were represented including multinational corporations, poultry breeding companies, international agencies, as well as. As one of the worlds most densely populated regions 16,000 personsmile 2 6,300 personskm 2, hong kong is a city at high risk for a largescale outbreak of avian influenza caused by live poultry in large. Since late november 2015, france has been fighting avian influenza outbreaks in domestic birds and poultry in backyard and commercial farms. A preliminary outbreak assessment for outbreaks of low pathogenic avian influenza h7n9 in poultry in the netherlands. In connection with this outbreak, the danish veterinary and food administration implemented the control measures in accordance with the european unions council directive 200594ec. Poultry farmers and cullers are at increased occupational risk for exposure to avian influenza viruses.
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